Synthetic rubber is any type of artificial elastomer An elastomer is a polymer with the property of viscoelasticity , generally having notably low Young's modulus and high yield strain compared with other materials. The term, which is derived from elastic polymer, is often used interchangeably with the term rubber, although the latter is preferred when referring to vulcanisates. Each of the monomers, invariably a polymer A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a wide variety of properties. An elastomer is a material with the mechanical (or material) property that it can undergo much more elastic In physics, elasticity is the physical property of a material that returns to its original shape after the stress that made it deform is removed. The relative amount of deformation is called the strain deformation In materials science, deformation is a change in the shape or size of an object due to an applied force. This can be a result of tensile forces, compressive (pushing) forces, shear, bending or torsion (twisting). Deformation is often described as strain under stress than most materials and still return to its previous size without permanent deformation. Synthetic rubber serves as a substitute for natural rubber Natural rubber is an elastomer that was originally derived from a milky colloidal suspension, or latex, found in the sap of some plants. The purified form of natural rubber is the chemical polyisoprene, which can also be produced synthetically. Natural rubber is used extensively in many applications and products, as is synthetic rubber in many cases, especially when improved material properties are required. Nowadays synthetic rubber is used a great deal in printing textile. In this case it is called rubber paste. In most cases titanium dioxide is used with copolymerization and volatile matter in producing such synthetic rubber for textile use. Moreover this kind of preparation can be considered to be the pigment preparation based on titanium dioxide.
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Comparison of natural and synthetic rubber
Natural rubber coming from latex LaTeX is a document markup language and document preparation system for the TeX typesetting program. Within the typesetting system, its name is styled as . The term LaTeX refers only to the language in which documents are written, not to the editor used to write those documents. In order to create a document in LaTeX, a .tex file must be created is mostly polymerized isoprene Isoprene , or 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, is a common organic compound with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2. It is present under standard conditions as a colorless liquid. It is the monomer of natural rubber and is a precursor to an immense variety of other naturally occurring compounds with a small percentage of impurities in it. This limits the range of properties available to it. Also, there are limitations on the proportions of cis and trans double bonds A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, and other covalent bonds. In short, the attraction-to-repulsion stability that forms between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding resulting from methods of polymerizing In polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks or polymer chains. There are many forms of polymerization and different systems exist to categorize them natural latex. This also limits the range of properties available to natural rubber, although addition of sulfur Sulfur or sulphur is the chemical element that has the atomic number 16. It is denoted with the symbol S. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Sulfur, in its native form, is a bright yellow crystalline solid. In nature, it can be found as the pure element and as sulfide and sulfate minerals. It is an essential element for life and is found in and vulcanization Vulcanization or vulcanisation is a chemical process for converting rubber or related polymers into more durable materials via the addition of sulfur or other equivalent "curatives". These additives modify the polymer by forming crosslinks between individual polymer chains. The vulcanized material is less sticky and has superior are used to improve the properties.
Synthetic rubber can be made from the polymerization of a variety of monomers A monomer is an atom or a small molecule that may bind chemically to other monomers to form a polymer or cluster[citation needed]. The most common natural monomer is glucose, which is linked by glycosidic bonds into polymers such as cellulose and starch, and is over 76% of the weight of all plant matter including isoprene Isoprene , or 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, is a common organic compound with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2. It is present under standard conditions as a colorless liquid. It is the monomer of natural rubber and is a precursor to an immense variety of other naturally occurring compounds (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), 1,3-butadiene 1,3-Butadiene is a simple conjugated diene with the formula C4H6. It is an important industrial chemical used as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubber. When the word butadiene is used, most of the time it refers to 1,3-butadiene, chloroprene Chloroprene is the common name for the organic compound 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, which has the formula CH2=CCl-CH=CH2. This colorless liquid is the monomer for the production of the polymer polychloroprene, a type of synthetic rubber. Polychloroprene is better known to the public as Neoprene, the trade name given by DuPont (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene), and isobutylene Isobutylene is a hydrocarbon of significant industrial importance. It is a four-carbon branched alkene (olefin), one of the four isomers of butylene. At standard temperature and pressure it is a colorless flammable gas (methylpropene) with a small percentage of isoprene for cross-linking Cross-links are bonds that link one polymer chain to another. They can be covalent bonds or ionic bonds. "Polymer chains" can refer to synthetic polymers or natural polymers . When the term "cross-linking" is used in the synthetic polymer science field, it usually refers to the use of cross-links to promote a difference in the. These and other monomers can be mixed in various desirable proportions to be copolymerized A heteropolymer or copolymer is a polymer derived from two monomeric species, as opposed to a homopolymer where only one monomer is used. Copolymerization refers to methods used to chemically synthesize a copolymer for a wide range of physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. The monomers can be produced pure and the addition of impurities or additives can be controlled by design to give optimal properties. Polymerization of pure monomers can be better controlled to give a desired proportion of cis and trans In organic chemistry, cis-trans isomerism or geometric isomerism or configuration isomerism or E-Z isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism describing the orientation of functional groups within a molecule. In general, such isomers contain double bonds, which cannot rotate, but they can also arise from ring structures, wherein the rotation of bonds double bonds A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, and other covalent bonds. In short, the attraction-to-repulsion stability that forms between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.
History
In 1879, Bouchardt created one form of synthetic rubber, producing a polymer of isoprene in a laboratory.
The expanded use of motor vehicles, and particularly motor vehicle tires A tire or tyre (in British English) is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a wheel rim to protect it and enable better vehicle performance by providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close contact with the ground. The word itself may be derived from the word "tie", referring to the outer steel ring, starting in the 1890s, created increased demand for rubber.
In 1909, a team headed by Fritz Hofmann, working at the Bayer Bayer AG (FWB: BAYN, TYO: 4863) is a chemical and pharmaceutical company founded in Barmen, Germany in 1863. Today it is headquartered in Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is well-known for its original brand of aspirin laboratory in Elberfeld, Germany, also succeeded in polymerizing methyl isoprene, the first synthetic rubber[1].
Scientists in England and Germany developed alternative methods for creating isoprene polymers from 1910-1912.
The Russian scientist Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev was a Russian/Soviet chemist and the inventor of one type of synthetic rubber created the first rubber polymer synthesized from butadiene 1,3-Butadiene is a simple conjugated diene with the formula C4H6. It is an important industrial chemical used as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubber. When the word butadiene is used, most of the time it refers to 1,3-butadiene in 1910. This form of synthetic rubber provided the basis for the first large-scale commercial production, which occurred during World War I as a result of shortages of natural rubber. This early form of synthetic rubber was again replaced with natural rubber after the war ended, but investigations of synthetic rubber continued. Russian American Ivan Ostromislensky did significant early research on synthetic rubber and a couple of monomers in the earlier 1900s.
Political problems that resulted from great fluctuations in the cost of natural rubber led to the enactment of the Stevenson Act in 1921. This act essentially created a cartel A cartel is a formal agreement among competing firms. It is a formal organization of producers and manufacturers that agree to fix prices, marketing, and production. Cartels usually occur in an oligopolistic industry, where there is a small number of sellers and usually involve homogeneous products. Cartel members may agree on such matters as which supported rubber prices by regulating production (see OPEC The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is a cartel of twelve countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. OPEC has maintained its headquarters in Vienna since 1965, and hosts regular meetings among the oil ministers of its Member), but insufficient supply, especially due to wartime shortages, also led to a search for alternative forms of synthetic rubber.
By 1925 the price of natural rubber had increased to the point that many companies were exploring methods of producing synthetic rubber to compete with natural rubber. In the United States, the investigation focused on different materials than in Europe, building on the early laboratory work of Nieuwland.
Studies published in 1930 written independently by Lebedev Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev was a Russian/Soviet chemist and the inventor of one type of synthetic rubber, the American Wallace Carothers Wallace Hume Carothers was an American chemist, inventor and the leader of organic chemistry at DuPont, credited with the invention of nylon and the German scientist Hermann Staudinger Hermann Staudinger was a German chemist who demonstrated the existence of macromolecules which he characterized as polymers. For this work he received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is also known for his discovery of ketenes and of the Staudinger reaction led in 1931 to one of the first successful synthetic rubbers, known as neoprene Neoprene or polychloroprene is a family of synthetic rubbers that are produced by polymerization of chloroprene. Neoprene in general has good chemical stability, and maintains flexibility over a wide temperature range. It is used in a wide variety of applications, such as laptop sleeves, orthopedic braces , electrical insulation, liquid and sheet, which was developed at DuPont E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company , commonly referred to as DuPont or Du Pont, is an American chemical company that was founded in July 1802 as a gunpowder mill by Eleuthère Irénée du Pont. DuPont is currently the world's second largest chemical company (behind BASF) in terms of market capitalization and fourth (behind BASF, Dow Chemical and under the direction of E.K. Bolton Elmer Keiser Bolton was an American chemist and research director for DuPont, notable for his role in developing neoprene and directing the research that led to the discovery of nylon. Neoprene is highly resistant to heat and chemicals such as oil Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, toxic, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. It is refined and separated, most easily by and gasoline Gasoline or petrol is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture which is primarily used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It is also used as a solvent, mainly known for its ability to dilute paints, and is used in fuel hoses and as an insulating material in machinery.
The company Thiokol Thiokol is a U.S. corporation concerned initially with rubber and related chemicals, and later with rocket and missile propulsion systems. Its name is a portmanteau of the Greek words for sulfur (Θειο "theio") and glue (κολλα "kolla"), an allusion to the company's initial product applied their name to a competing type of rubber based on ethylene dichloride The chemical compound 1,2-dichloroethane, commonly known by its old name of ethylene dichloride , is a chlorinated hydrocarbon, mainly used to produce vinyl chloride monomer (VCM, chloroethene), the major precursor for PVC production. It is a colourless liquid with a chloroform-like odour. 1,2-Dichloroethane is also used generally as an which was commercially available in 1930.
In 1935 Year 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, German The German people are people from, or descended from residents of, Germany. Within Germany, Germans are defined by citizenship (Federal Germans, Bundesdeutsche), distinguished from people of German ancestry (Deutschstämmige). Historically, in the context of the German Empire (1871–1918) and later, German citizens (Imperial Germans, chemists synthesized the first of a series of synthetic rubbers known as Buna rubbers. These were copolymers A heteropolymer or copolymer is a polymer derived from two monomeric species, as opposed to a homopolymer where only one monomer is used. Copolymerization refers to methods used to chemically synthesize a copolymer, meaning the polymers A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a wide variety of properties were made up from two monomers A monomer is an atom or a small molecule that may bind chemically to other monomers to form a polymer or cluster[citation needed]. The most common natural monomer is glucose, which is linked by glycosidic bonds into polymers such as cellulose and starch, and is over 76% of the weight of all plant matter in alternating sequence. The rubber designated GRS Styrene-Butadiene or Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber is a synthetic rubber copolymer consisting of styrene and butadiene. It has good abrasion resistance and good aging stability when protected by additives, and is widely used in car tires, where it is blended with natural rubber. It was originally developed prior to World War II in Germany, but during (Government Rubber Styrene), a copolymer of butadiene 1,3-Butadiene is a simple conjugated diene with the formula C4H6. It is an important industrial chemical used as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubber. When the word butadiene is used, most of the time it refers to 1,3-butadiene and styrene Styrene, also known as vinyl benzene, is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5CH=CH2. This cyclic hydrocarbon is a colorless oily liquid that evaporates easily and has a sweet smell, although high concentrations confer a less pleasant odor. Styrene is the precursor to polystyrene and several copolymers. Approximately 15 billion lt are, was the basis for U.S. synthetic rubber production during World War II. It still represents about half of total world production.
Other brands included Koroseal, which Waldo Semon Semon put his name into the history books for inventing vinyl, the world's second most used plastic. He found the formula for vinyl by mixing a few synthetic polymers, and the result was a substance that was elastic, but wasn't adhesive. Semon worked on methods of improving rubber, and eventually developed a synthetic substitute. On December 11, 19 developed in 1935, and Sovprene, which Russian researchers created in 1940[2].
World War II
Sheet of synthetic rubber coming off the rolling mill at the plant of Goodrich (1941)The production of synthetic rubber in the United States expanded greatly during World War II, since the Axis Powers controlled nearly all the world's limited supplies of natural rubber by mid-1942 once Japan conquered Asia.
Military trucks needed rubber for tires, and rubber was used in almost every other war machine. The U.S. government launched a major (and largely secret) effort to improve synthetic rubber production. A principal scientist involved with the effort was Edward Robbins Edward Hutchinson Robbins served as the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1802 to 1806. He is the great-great-grandfather of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, on the side of Roosevelt's mother, Sarah Delano:.
B.F. Goodrich Company Goodrich Corporation , formerly the B.F. Goodrich Company, is an American aerospace manufacturing company based in Charlotte, North Carolina. Founded in Akron, Ohio in 1870 as Goodrich, Tew & Co. by Dr. Benjamin Franklin Goodrich. The company name was changed to the "B.F. Goodrich Company" in 1880, to BFGoodrich in the 1980s, and to & scientist Waldo Semon Semon put his name into the history books for inventing vinyl, the world's second most used plastic. He found the formula for vinyl by mixing a few synthetic polymers, and the result was a substance that was elastic, but wasn't adhesive. Semon worked on methods of improving rubber, and eventually developed a synthetic substitute. On December 11, 19 developed a new and cheaper version of synthetic rubber known as Ameripol in 1940. Ameripol made synthetic rubber production much more cost effective, helping to meet the country's needs during World War II.
By 1944, a total of 50 factories were manufacturing it, pouring out a volume of the material twice that of the world's natural rubber production before the beginning of the war.[citation needed] Operation Pointblank Operation Pointblank was the code name for the primary portion of the World War II Combined Bomber Offensive "to impose heavy losses on German day fighter force and to conserve German fighter force away from the Russian and Mediterranean theatres of war" before the Normandy Landings. The 14 June 1943 Pointblank directive ordered RAF bombing targets of Nazi Germany Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the government of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Worker's Party , from 1933 to 1945. Third Reich (German: Drittes Reich) denotes the Nazi state as the historical successor to the mediæval Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) and to the modern German Empire (1 included the Schkopau (50K tons/yr) plant and the Hüls synthetic rubber plant near Recklinghausen (30K, 17%),[3] the Kölnische Gummifäden Fabrik tire and tube plant at Deutz on the east bank of the Rhine.[4] The Ferrara, Italy, synthetic rubber factory (near a river bridge) was bombed August 23, 1944.[1] Three other synthetic rubber facilities were at Ludwigshafen/Oppau (15K), Hanover/Limmer (reclamation, 20K), and Leverkusen (5K). A synthetic rubber plant at Oświęcim, Poland, was under construction on March 5, 1944. [5]
Post-war
Additional refinements to the process of creating synthetic rubber continued after the war. The chemical synthesis of isoprene accelerated the reduced need for natural rubber, and the peacetime quantity of synthetic rubber exceeded the production of natural rubber by the early 1960s.
After the war, the Caltech researchers began to investigate the use of synthetic rubbers to replace asphalt in their solid fuel rocket motors. By the mid-1950s, large missiles were being built using solid fuels based on synthetic rubber, mixed with ammonium perchlorate and high proportions of aluminium powder. Such solid fuels could be cast into large, uniform blocks that had no cracks or other defects that would cause non-uniform burning. Ultimately, all large military rockets and missiles would use synthetic-rubber-based solid fuels, and they would also play a significant part in the civilian space effort.
Synthetic rubber also played an important part in the space race and nuclear arms race. Solid-fuel rockets during World War II used nitrocellulose explosives for propellants, but it was impractical and dangerous to make such rockets very large. During the war, California Institute of Technology (Caltech) researchers came up with a new solid fuel based on asphalt fuel mixed with an oxidizer (such as potassium or ammonium perchlorate), and aluminium powder. This new solid fuel burned more slowly and evenly than nitrocellulose explosives, and was much less dangerous to store and use, but it tended to flow slowly out of the rocket in storage and the rockets using it had to be stockpiled nose down.
In 2005, close to 21 million tons of rubber were produced of which around 58% was synthetic.
Table of common synthetic rubbers
| ISO Standard Code | Technical Name | Common Names |
|---|---|---|
| BIIR | Bromo Isobutylene Isoprene | Bromobutyl |
| BR | Polybutadiene | Buna CB |
| CIIR | Chloro Isobutylene Isoprene | Chlorobutyl, Butyl |
| CR | Polychloroprene | Chloroprene, Neoprene |
| CSM | Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene | Hypalon |
| ECO | Epichlorohydrin | ECO, Epichlorohydrin, Epichlore, Epichloridrine |
| EP | Ethylene Propylene | |
| EPDM | Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer | EPDM, Nordel |
| FKM | Fluoronated Hydrocarbon | Viton, Kalrez, Fluorel |
| FVQM | Fluoro Silicone | FVQM |
| HNBR | Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene | HNBR |
| IR | Polyisoprene | (Synthetic) Natural Rubber |
| IIR | Isobutylene Isoprene Butyl | Butyl |
| MVQ | Methyl Vinyl Silicone | Silicone Rubber |
| NBR | Acrylonitrile Butadiene | NBR, Nitrile rubber, Perbunan, Buna-N |
| PU | Polyurethane | PU, Polyurethane |
| SBR | Styrene Butadiene | SBR, Buna-S, GRS, Buna VSL, Buna SE |
| SEBS | Styrene Ethylene/Butylene Styrene | SEBS Rubber |
| SI | Polysiloxane | Silicone Rubber |
| XNBR | Acrylonitrile Butadiene Carboxy Monomer | XNBR, Carboxylated Nitrile |
In addition the term Gum Rubber is sometimes used to describe the tree-derived Natural Rubber [code NR], and to distinguish it from synthetic Natural Rubber [code IR].
Trade names
See also
Notes and references
- ^ The Moving Powers of Rubber, Leverkusen, Germany: LANXESS AG: 20.
- ^ Current Biography 1940, "SEMON, WALDO LONSBURY" pp723-24
- ^ Stormont, John W. (March 1946). AAFRH-19: The Combined Bomber Offensive; April through December 1943. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library: Collection of 20th Century Military Records, 1918-1950 Series I: Historical Studies Box 35: AAF Historical Office; Headquarters, Army Air Force. pp. 74–5,81. "SECRET ... Classification Cancelled ... JUN 10 1959"
- ^ Gurney, Gene (Major, USAF) (1962), The War in the Air: a pictorial history of World War II Air Forces in combat, New York: Bonanza Books, pp. 215
- ^ Williamson, Charles C.; Hughes, R. D.; Cabell, C. P.;Nazarro, J. J.; Bender, F. P.; & Crigglesworth, W. J. (5th MARCH 1944), Plan for Completion of Combined Bomber Offensive (Appendices C & F), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library: SMITH, WALTER BEDELL: Collection of World War II Documents, 1941-1945; Box No.: 48: HQ, U.S.S.T.A.F, "DECLASSIFIED ... 4/24/74"
Categories: Rubber | Organic polymers | Elastomers
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Origins of the Synthetic Rubber Industry in the United States Because of its working relationship with I G Farben the giant oil company Standard Oil of New Jersey now Exxon Chemical Company a division of
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[O/R] * Natural rubber and crude oil, a base product to make . synthetic rubber. , normally rise and fall in tandem. (Reporting by Lewa Pardomuan and Chikako Mogi; Editing by Ed Lane). (in.reuters.com) ...
Q. like how it was used during world war II.
Asked by akmg09 - Tue Apr 25 19:08:48 2006 - - 3 Answers - 0 Comments
A. Synthetic rubber Any artificially produced substance that resembles natural rubber in essential chemical and physical properties can be called synthetic rubber. Such substances are produced by chemical reactions, known as condensation or polymerization, of certain unsaturated hydrocarbons. The basic units of synthetic rubber are monomers, which are compounds of relatively low molecular weight that form the building units of huge molecules called polymers. The origin of synthetic-rubber technology can be traced to 1860, when the British chemist Charles Hanson Greville Williams determined that natural rubber was a polymer of the monomer isoprene, which has the chemical formula CH2:C(CH 3)CH:CH2. Many efforts were made during the next 70… [cont.]
Answered by unknown - Tue Apr 25 19:25:03 2006
